Banking Resolution

The independent reference on European banking resolution

Glossary, entity profiles and MREL-eligible debt issuance data — compiled from ESMA FIRDS, GLEIF and official publications, with every figure carrying its source.

Explore instrumentsBrowse the glossary
Debt instruments tracked
119,734
Source: ESMA FIRDSUpdated 2026-07-24
Capital-stack instruments
21,801
Source: ESMA FIRDSUpdated 2026-07-24
Entities covered
64
Source: GLEIF · SSM · SRB
Last FIRDS sync
2026-07-24
Source: ESMA FIRDS

Latest issuances

All instruments

Regulatory updates

All news
EBA E-mail alert 24 July, 2026eba2026-07-24Daily News 24 / 07 / 2026fisma2026-07-24Questions and answers on the 21st package of sanctions against Russiafisma2026-07-24Commission proposes more than €410,000 from the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund to support dismissed car industry workers in Finlandfisma2026-07-24Multilateralism, Utopia, and the Financial Stability Boardfsb2026-07-24Solidarity with Ukrainefisma2026-07-23Commission preliminary finds TikTok in breach of Digital Services Act for failing to ensure safe accounts for minorsfisma2026-07-23Commission invites comments on draft new rescue and restructuring State aid guidelinesfisma2026-07-23

Understand the framework

Full glossary
Additional Tier 1 (AT1)Additional Tier 1 instruments are perpetual, deeply subordinated bank securities with discretionary coupons that convert to equity or are written down when the issuer's capital falls below a contractual trigger — the first debt layer to absorb losses.Asset separation toolThe asset separation tool transfers impaired or problem assets of a bank in resolution to a dedicated asset management vehicle — a “bad bank” — to be managed or sold over time; it may only be used together with another resolution tool.Bail-inBail-in is the resolution tool that absorbs a failing bank's losses by writing down or converting its capital instruments and eligible liabilities in creditor-hierarchy order, so shareholders and creditors — not taxpayers — bear the cost of failure.Bridge institution toolThe bridge institution tool transfers a failing bank's critical functions to a temporary, publicly controlled bank — a bridge — keeping them running until a private sale or orderly wind-down, normally within two years.Creditor hierarchyThe creditor hierarchy is the statutory ranking of a bank's capital and liabilities that fixes the order in which they absorb losses: equity first, then AT1, Tier 2, other subordinated debt, senior non-preferred, and ordinary senior claims.Failing or likely to fail (FOLTF)“Failing or likely to fail” is the supervisory determination that a bank infringes — or will soon infringe — its authorisation requirements, cannot pay its debts as they fall due, or requires extraordinary public support. It is the trigger of the resolution sequence.

The framework, applied

All cases
2023GBSilicon Valley Bank UKResolved — sale of businessWhen its US parent failed, the Bank of England resolved Silicon Valley Bank UK over a weekend, transferring it to HSBC for £1 — the first use of the UK's resolution transfer powers on a live retail-facing bank since the regime was built.2023CHCredit SuisseMerger engineered outside resolutionCredit Suisse was not resolved: Swiss authorities engineered its takeover by UBS over a weekend, ordering the full write-down of roughly CHF 16bn of AT1 instruments while shareholders retained value — a sequencing that forced EU authorities to reaffirm the creditor hierarchy in resolution.2022ATSberbank EuropeResolved (subsidiaries) · wound up (parent)Sanctions after Russia's invasion of Ukraine triggered a run on Sberbank's European arm; the SRB used its moratorium power for the first time, then resolved the Croatian and Slovenian subsidiaries by sale while the Austrian parent went into insolvency.
Source: ESMA FIRDS · GLEIF · official press feeds